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Official statistics · 2015 – 2026

Germany’s gas imports, exports & inflation

Natural gas imports, exports and prices in Germany over the last ten years, next to consumer price inflation. Every figure comes from a statistical office, regulator or ministry and links to its source.

Data retrieved · Latest month: August 2026 (volumes, HICP), July 2026 (price indices) · Units: TWh (gross calorific value), €/MWh, ct/kWh, %

Summary

What the charts show

Between 2021 and 2023, gas imports with Russia as partner fell from 628.0 TWh to zero. Gas import and wholesale prices peaked in August 2022. Household gas prices rose from 6.5 to 12.3 ct/kWh, and consumer price inflation reached 6.9% in 2022, which Destatis attributed mainly to energy and food prices. Import and wholesale prices have since fallen back, while household gas prices remain close to their 2023 level. [2] [9] [10] [14]

  1. 1

    Before 2022: a gas hub

    Fig. 1.1 · Fig. 2.1

    Germany imported 1,534–1,759 TWh a year and exported roughly half of it. Russia was the largest partner, with 628.0 TWh in 2021; the Bundesnetzagentur put its share at 52%. Further volumes arrived with Poland (226.5 TWh) and Czechia (269.1 TWh) as partner. [1] [2] [17]

  2. 2

    2022: Russian supply stops

    Fig. 1.2 · Fig. 2.1

    The regulator reports that Nord Stream 1 deliveries were cut in stages from mid-June and reached zero at the start of September 2022. Imports with Russia as partner fell to 315.6 TWh in 2022 and to zero from 2023, and those via Poland and Czechia fell close to zero. Imports from Norway rose from 327.7 TWh to 479.4 TWh and from Belgium from 20.0 TWh to 254.1 TWh. German LNG terminals began operating from December 2022. [2] [17] [18]

  3. 3

    Import and wholesale prices peak

    Fig. 3.1 · Fig. 3.2 · Fig. 3.3

    The price series peak in August 2022: the exchange-quoted gas index reached 563.2 (2021 average = 100), and the average import value was €149–167/MWh. The regulator reported a record wholesale price of €315.9/MWh at the end of August 2022. The value of gas imports rose from €30.4 bn in 2021 to €67.9 bn in 2022, while the recorded volume fell from 1,172.0 TWh to 788.3 TWh. [7] [8] [9] [16] [17]

  4. 4

    Household prices rise later

    Fig. 3.4

    In the 5,600–55,600 kWh band, the average household price including taxes was 6.5 ct/kWh in the first half of 2021, 9.4 ct in the second half of 2022, and 12.3 ct in the first half of 2023. It was 12.2 ct in the second half of 2025, while import and wholesale prices were well below their 2022 peak. [9]

  5. 5

    Inflation rises

    Fig. 4.1 · Fig. 4.3

    Consumer price inflation was 0.5–1.8% a year in 2015–2020, then 3.1% in 2021, 6.9% in 2022 and 5.9% in 2023. In the HICP, gas peaked at +82.0% year on year (November 2022), energy at +44.2% (September 2022) and all items at 11.6% (October 2022). Destatis attributed 2022’s inflation mainly to energy and food prices after the war began; on its first-published figures, inflation was 7.9% overall and 4.9% excluding energy. In 2023, inflation excluding energy (6.0%) was slightly above the overall rate (5.9%). [5] [10] [13] [14]

  6. 6

    Relief measures show in the data

    Timeline C–F

    The VAT cut on gas (October 2022), the one-off payment of December 2022 gas bills and the 2023 price brake lowered measured consumer prices. Destatis reported that gas inflation fell to 26.1% in December 2022 from 112.2% in November, and described the jump in December 2023 energy inflation as a base effect of that one-off payment. The finance ministry wrote that April 2024’s rise in energy prices was likely largely due to the end of the VAT cut. [13] [14] [21] [23]

  7. 7

    A reorganised gas system

    Fig. 1.1 · Fig. 1.3 · Fig. 2.2

    Exports fell from 772.4 TWh in 2021 to 114.2 TWh in 2024, then rose to 294.5 TWh in 2025, when Austria took 138.7 TWh. Imports minus exports went from 900.9 TWh in 2021 to about 770 TWh a year in 2023–2025. Inland consumption fell from 1,009.2 TWh in 2021 to 853.9 TWh in 2022; the regulator said temperatures also reduced 2022 consumption. [1] [3] [17]

  8. 8

    Where things stand

    Fig. 3.2 · Fig. 4.4

    In December 2025 the HICP gas index stood at 179.2 and the all-items index at 132.8 (2015 = 100). The average import value was €38.55/MWh in 2025 (provisional), against €12.19/MWh in 2020 and €86.11/MWh in 2022. [5] [7]

What the data does not show

  • How much of inflation came from gas specifically. The sources cited here do not publish that breakdown, and energy costs also reach other prices, such as food and transport, which these charts do not measure.
  • What the “Not specified” import partner is. It appears from 2023 at 71.0 TWh–109.9 TWh, close to the regulator’s LNG terminal figures, but Eurostat does not label it LNG.
  • Why import and exchange prices rose in March 2026, or why HICP energy inflation (+9.4% in August 2026) moved differently from gas (-2.4%). The sources cited here do not explain either.
  • Cause and effect. Events lining up in time does not prove one caused another; every causal statement above is attributed to the official body that made it.

Key figures

Gross gas imports, 2025

1,067.5TWh

2021: 1,673.3 TWh · 2024: 882.1 TWh

Source [1]

Gross gas exports, 2025

294.5TWh

2021: 772.4 TWh · 2024: 114.2 TWh

Source [1]

Value of gas imports, 2022

€67.9bn

2021: €30.4 bn · 2025: €24.8 bn (provisional)

Source [7]

Consumer price inflation (CPI), 2022

6.9%

2025: 2.2% · Aug 2026: 2.9% year on year

Source [15]

Gas import and export volumes

Physical quantities of natural gas that Germany reported to Eurostat as imported and exported, in terawatt-hours (TWh) on a gross calorific value basis. Annual totals are sums of the monthly values.

Figure 1.1

Gross natural gas imports and exports, per year

TWh, 2015–2025. Annual sums of Eurostat monthly data.

05001,0001,5002,000TWh20152016201720182019202020212022202320242025

Source: Eurostat, nrg_cb_gasm [1]

  • The table view adds net imports (imports minus exports).

Figure 1.2

Monthly natural gas imports and exports

TWh per month, January 2015 – August 2026.

050100150200TWh per month201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026

Source: Eurostat, nrg_cb_gasm [1]

A Russia's war against Ukraine begins (24 Feb 2022) · B Nord Stream 1 deliveries at 0 (start of Sep 2022) · D December one-off relief; first LNG terminal operating

  • Eurostat may revise recent months.

Figure 1.3

Inland consumption and domestic production of natural gas

TWh per year, 2015–2025. Annual sums of Eurostat monthly data.

02505007501,0001,250TWh20152016201720182019202020212022202320242025

Source: Eurostat, nrg_cb_gasm [1]

  • Consumption is Eurostat's “inland consumption – calculated as defined in MOS GAS” (IC_CAL_MG). Production is “indigenous production” (IPRD).

Table 1.4

Annual gas figures as published by the Bundesnetzagentur

As stated in the regulator’s January press releases, based on SMARD data. Provisional when published.

Bundesnetzagentur annual gas import and export figures, 2021 to 2025
YearImports (TWh)Exports (TWh)Largest suppliers (share of imports)Via German LNG terminalsSource
20211,652749Russia 52%–[17]
20221,449501aNorway 33%, Russia 22%– (first terminal began operating Dec 2022)[17] [18]
2023968187Norway 43%, Netherlands 26%, Belgium 22%69.7 TWh (7%)[18]
2024865b89Norway 48%, Netherlands 25%, Belgium 18%69 TWh (8%)[19]
20251,031221Norway 44%, Netherlands 24%, Belgium 21%106 TWh (10.3%)[20]
  • a. The 5 Jan 2023 release gives “around 501 TWh”; the 4 Jan 2024 release gives 499 TWh for 2022.
  • b. The 8 Jan 2025 release gives 865 TWh; the 12 Jan 2026 release gives 864 TWh for 2024.
  • Export destinations named by the regulator: 2023 Czechia 42%, Netherlands 19%, Austria 18%; 2024 Netherlands 34%, Czechia 33%, Austria 14%; 2025 Austria 46%, Czechia 26%, Switzerland 13%.
  • These figures come from a different data basis than the Eurostat series above, so annual totals differ. See Notes & limits.

Imports and exports by partner country

As Germany reported them to Eurostat. The partner list includes transit countries such as Poland and Czechia and a “Not specified” category. BAFA, the former federal gas statistics office, stated that it has not published imports by country of origin since 2016, for statistical confidentiality reasons.

Figure 2.1

Gas imports by partner country, per year

Stacked, 2015–2025. Switch between TWh and share of total imports.

05001,0001,5002,000TWh20152016201720182019202020212022202320242025

Source: Eurostat, nrg_ti_gasm [2] · BAFA note on country of origin [16]

  • Partner as reported by Germany to Eurostat. Values are annual sums of monthly data.
  • Other = Austria, Denmark, Switzerland, France and any remaining partners.
  • This dataset records no imports with Russia as partner from 2023 onward.

Figure 2.2

Gas exports by partner country, per year

Stacked, 2015–2025. Switch between TWh and share of total exports.

02004006008001,000TWh20152016201720182019202020212022202320242025

Source: Eurostat, nrg_te_gasm [3]

  • Partner as reported by Germany to Eurostat. Values are annual sums of monthly data.
  • Other = France, Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg and any remaining partners.
  • The Netherlands, Poland and Czechia keep the same colours as in Figure 2.1.

Gas prices in Germany

Four official views of the price of gas: the total cost of imports, the average value per unit imported, wholesale and producer price indices, and the average price households pay.

Figure 3.1

Value of natural gas imports, per year

€ billion, 2015–2025. Commodity code 2711 21 00 (natural gas in gaseous state). 2025 is provisional.

020406080€ billion2015201620172018201920202021202220232024202528.220.520.426.227.119.930.467.924.417.424.8

Source: Destatis, Jährliche Erdgasimporte [7]

  • The table view adds the published volume (converted to TWh) and value per unit (converted to €/MWh).
  • Liquefied natural gas has a different commodity code and is not included.

Figure 3.2

Average value of imported gas per MWh, by month

€/MWh, January 2015 – July 2026. Two official series with different methods.

050100150200€ per MWh201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026

Source: BAFA, Grenzübergangspreis, 2015–2022 [16] · Destatis, Monatliche Erdgasimporte, 2021–2026 [8]

A Russia's war against Ukraine begins (24 Feb 2022) · B Nord Stream 1 deliveries at 0 (start of Sep 2022)

  • The BAFA border-crossing price excludes natural gas tax. BAFA ended the series with December 2022.
  • Destatis value per unit = import value ÷ volume for code 2711 21 00, as published in €/TJ and converted to €/MWh. 2025–2026 are provisional.

Figure 3.3

Gas price indices: exchange, import and industry

Index, 2021 = 100, January 2015 – July 2026.

0200400600Index (2021 = 100)201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026

Source: Destatis, Daten zur Energiepreisentwicklung, table 61241-03 [9]

A Russia's war against Ukraine begins (24 Feb 2022) · B Nord Stream 1 deliveries at 0 (start of Sep 2022)

  • Exchange-quoted natural gas: producer price index item GP09-3522 28 (“Erdgas, Börsennotierung”).
  • The import price index for natural gas (GP09-062) is published from January 2021 on this base.
  • Gas supplied to industry: producer price index item GP09-3522 23.

Figure 3.4

Average gas price paid by households

ct/kWh, half-yearly, 2015 H1 – 2025 H2. Choose an annual consumption band.

03581013ct per kWh20152016201720182019202020212022202320242025

Source: Destatis, Daten zur Energiepreisentwicklung, table 61241-04 [9]

  • Destatis price types: including taxes, levies and surcharges; excluding VAT and other recoverable taxes; excluding taxes, levies and surcharges.
  • Published in €/kWh and shown here in ct/kWh.

Inflation, energy and gas prices

Germany publishes two consumer price measures. The national consumer price index (CPI, or VPI) is Destatis’ headline inflation rate. The harmonised index of consumer prices (HICP) follows an EU-wide method and has sub-indices for energy and gas. Destatis notes that the two differ in coverage, method and weighting.

Figure 4.1

Consumer price inflation (national CPI), per year

Annual average change on the previous year, %, 2015–2025. Base year 2020.

02468% change on previous year201520162017201820192020202120222023202420250.50.51.51.81.40.53.16.95.92.22.2

Source: Destatis, CPI long series [10] · Destatis press release 019/2026 [11] · table HICP columns: Eurostat prc_hicp_aind [6]

  • The table view adds Eurostat's annual HICP rates for all items, energy and gas.

Figure 4.2

Monthly inflation rate: all items and excluding energy (HICP)

Change on the same month of the previous year, %, January 2015 – August 2026.

-303581013% change, year on year201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026

Source: Eurostat, prc_hicp_minr, Germany [5]

A Russia's war against Ukraine begins (24 Feb 2022) · C VAT on gas cut from 19% to 7% (1 Oct 2022) · D December one-off relief; first LNG terminal operating · E Gas price brake applies (Jan–Dec 2023) · F VAT on gas back to 19% (1 Apr 2024) · G Gas storage levy abolished (1 Jan 2026)

  • This chart has its own axis because energy and gas rates (Figure 4.3) cover a much wider range.

Figure 4.3

Monthly inflation rate: energy and gas (HICP)

Change on the same month of the previous year, %, January 2015 – August 2026.

-20020406080100% change, year on year201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026

Source: Eurostat, prc_hicp_minr, Germany [5]

A Russia's war against Ukraine begins (24 Feb 2022) · C VAT on gas cut from 19% to 7% (1 Oct 2022) · D December one-off relief; first LNG terminal operating · E Gas price brake applies (Jan–Dec 2023) · F VAT on gas back to 19% (1 Apr 2024) · G Gas storage levy abolished (1 Jan 2026)

  • Gas = ECOICOP item CP0452 “Gas”. Energy = Eurostat special aggregate NRG.

Figure 4.4

Consumer price levels: all items, energy and gas (HICP)

Index, 2015 = 100, January 2015 – August 2026.

80100120140160180200Index (2015 = 100)201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026

Source: Eurostat, prc_hicp_minr, unit I15, Germany [5]

A Russia's war against Ukraine begins (24 Feb 2022) · C VAT on gas cut from 19% to 7% (1 Oct 2022) · D December one-off relief; first LNG terminal operating · E Gas price brake applies (Jan–Dec 2023) · F VAT on gas back to 19% (1 Apr 2024) · G Gas storage levy abolished (1 Jan 2026)

  • A value of 150 means prices were 50% higher than their 2015 average.

Table 4.5

Energy and natural gas in the national CPI, as published by Destatis

Annual average change on the previous year, %. Taken from Destatis’ annual inflation press releases.

Destatis annual CPI rates for energy and natural gas, 2022 to 2025
YearCPI, all itemsEnergy productsHousehold energyNatural gasCPI excl. energySource
20226.9a29.7b39.1c64.8c4.9c[14] [13]
20235.95.314.014.76.0[13]
20242.2−3.2−3.1−3.52.9[12]
20252.2−2.4−2.30.72.6[11]
  • a. First published as 7.9% on base year 2015 (17 Jan 2023). Destatis recalculated all results from January 2020 on base year 2020 on 22 Feb 2023; the recalculated 2022 rate is 6.9% [10] [11].
  • b. Base year 2020, as stated in the 16 Jan 2024 release [13]. The 17 Jan 2023 release (base year 2015) gave 34.7%.
  • c. As published on 17 Jan 2023 (base year 2015). The releases cited here give no base-2020 figure for these items.
  • Weight of natural gas in the CPI basket: 13.53 per mille on base year 2015 [14] and 6.07 per mille on base year 2020 [11]. Destatis notes that its gas item excludes operating costs.

What official bodies published

Summaries of what statistical offices, the regulator and the finance ministry published about energy, gas and prices, each attributed to its source. Only the last item contains a direct quote.

Destatis

17 Jan 2023

Destatis attributed 2022's high inflation rate mainly to price rises for energy products and food after the start of the war in Ukraine. It listed relief measures that partly dampened monthly rates: the 9-euro ticket, the fuel discount, the abolition of the EEG surcharge, the VAT cut on gas and district heating, and the one-off payment of December 2022 gas and heating bills. It also said the CO₂ charge rising from €25 to €30 pushed up all energy product prices in 2022.

Press release No. 022 [14]

Destatis

17 Jan 2023

For December 2022, Destatis reported that the “December immediate assistance” was a major reason energy inflation slowed. Natural gas prices fell 39.1% from November, and the annual rate for gas was 26.1% in December after 112.2% in November.

Press release No. 022 [14]

Destatis

16 Jan 2024

Destatis reported that energy product prices rose 5.3% in 2023 after 29.7% in 2022, and natural gas rose 14.7%. It said that, as in 2022, relief measures partly dampened energy price increases in 2023, and that the jump in December 2023 energy inflation was a base effect from the December 2022 one-off relief.

Press release No. 020 [13]

Destatis

16 Jan 2025 · 16 Jan 2026

Energy prices fell 3.2% in 2024, with natural gas down 3.5%. In 2025 energy fell 2.4% and natural gas rose 0.7%. Excluding energy, inflation would have been 2.9% in 2024 and 2.6% in 2025.

Press releases No. 020/2025 and No. 019/2026 [12] [11]

Bundesnetzagentur

5 Jan 2023

The regulator reported that Nord Stream 1 delivered about 1.7 TWh a day until mid-June 2022. Flows were then cut by 60%, then by 80%, and fell to 0 at the start of September 2022. It said the wholesale gas price on the EEX reached a temporary record of €315.9/MWh at the end of August 2022, around four times the pre-war level, and was €63.8/MWh at the end of 2022.

Press release [17]

Federal Ministry of Finance

May 2024

The ministry's monthly report wrote that April 2024's 0.5% month-on-month rise in energy prices was “likely largely due to” the end of the temporary VAT cut on natural gas and district heating (translated from German).

BMF-Monatsbericht Mai 2024 [23]

Timeline of dated events

Events and policy measures referenced by the sources on this page. Lettered events are marked on the monthly charts.

  1. ·1 Jan 2021

    The national CO₂ price on heating and transport fuels (nEHS/BEHG) starts at a fixed €25 per tonne. [25]

  2. ·1 Jan 2022

    The fixed CO₂ price rises to €30 per tonne, unchanged in 2023. [25]

  3. A24 Feb 2022

    Russia's war against Ukraine begins. Destatis and the Bundesnetzagentur both refer to it in their releases. [14] [17]

  4. BJun – Sep 2022

    Nord Stream 1 deliveries are cut by 60%, then 80%, and reach 0 TWh at the start of September 2022. The chart marker sits at September 2022. [17]

  5. C1 Oct 2022

    VAT on gas supplied through the grid is cut from 19% to 7%, set to run until March 2024. [22] [14]

  6. DDec 2022

    “December immediate assistance”: the federal government paid households' December 2022 advance payments for gas and heating; Destatis notes this applied to only some households. Germany's first LNG terminal (Wilhelmshaven) also started operation this month, followed by Lubmin (Jan 2023) and Brunsbüttel (Mar 2023). [14] [18]

  7. EJan – Dec 2023

    Gas and heat price brake: in force from 1 March 2023 with retroactive relief for January and February. Households received relief equal to the difference between their contract price and 12 ct/kWh on 80% of a baseline volume. The brakes expired at the end of 2023. [21]

  8. ·1 Jan 2024

    The fixed CO₂ price rises to €45 per tonne. [25]

  9. F1 Apr 2024

    The temporary VAT cut on gas and district heating ends and the standard 19% rate applies again. [22] [23]

  10. ·1 Jan 2025

    The fixed CO₂ price rises to €55 per tonne. [25]

  11. G1 Jan 2026

    The gas storage levy is abolished; its law entered into force on 28 Nov 2025. It was introduced to cover the cost of filling storage in 2022, and the government page gives its last rate as 0.289 ct/kWh. From 2026, CO₂ certificates are auctioned within a €55–65 price corridor. [24] [25]

Germany gas and inflation: quick answers

How much natural gas did Germany import in 2025?

Eurostat's monthly data add up to 1,067.5 TWh of gross natural gas imports in 2025, against 882.1 TWh in 2024 and 1,673.3 TWh in 2021. The Bundesnetzagentur's preliminary figure for 2025 is 1,031 TWh.

Where does Germany import its gas from?

According to the Bundesnetzagentur, the largest suppliers in 2025 were Norway (44%), the Netherlands (24%) and Belgium (21%), and 106 TWh (10.3% of imports) arrived through German LNG terminals. In 2021 the regulator put Russia's share at 52%.

Does Germany still import gas from Russia?

Eurostat's partner data record 315.6 TWh of imports with Russia as partner in 2022 and none from 2023 onward. The Bundesnetzagentur reported that Nord Stream 1 deliveries fell to zero at the start of September 2022.

How much gas does Germany export?

Eurostat's monthly data add up to 294.5 TWh of gross exports in 2025, against 772.4 TWh in 2021. The Bundesnetzagentur gives 221 TWh for 2025, mostly to Austria (46%), Czechia (26%) and Switzerland (13%).

What was Germany's inflation rate in 2022 and 2023?

Destatis puts consumer price inflation at 6.9% in 2022 and 5.9% in 2023, followed by 2.2% in both 2024 and 2025. Destatis reported that energy product prices rose 29.7% in 2022 and natural gas prices 14.7% in 2023.

How much did consumer gas prices rise?

In Eurostat's harmonised index (HICP) for Germany, the annual rate for gas peaked at 82.0% in November 2022. In December 2025 the HICP gas index stood at 179.2 (2015 = 100), against 132.8 for all items.

How much did Germany pay for gas imports?

Destatis foreign trade statistics put the value of natural gas imports (code 2711 21 00) at €67.9 billion in 2022, against €30.4 billion in 2021 and a provisional €24.8 billion in 2025.

Notes and limits

Why totals differ between sources

  • Eurostat’s monthly dataset reports gross imports and exports for every month. It is the main volume series here [1].
  • Eurostat’s annual balance records Germany’s exports as 0 from 2018 onward. Its import totals for those years are close to monthly imports minus exports: 2024 shows 767.4 TWh, against 882.1 − 114.2 = 767.9 TWh from monthly data [4].
  • The Bundesnetzagentur’s figures come from SMARD data and are provisional when published [17] [20].
  • Destatis foreign trade figures cover code 2711 21 00 (natural gas in gaseous state). Liquefied natural gas has a separate code, so these volumes are lower than the energy statistics [7].
  • BAFA’s gas statistics, including the border-crossing price, ended with reporting year 2022 [16].

Price and inflation measures

  • The CPI includes owner-occupied housing, games of chance and broadcasting fees; HICP weights are updated every year [11].
  • Monthly HICP charts use Eurostat’s ECOICOP version 2 dataset [5]. The annual HICP rates in Figure 4.1’s table use the earlier ECOICOP dataset [6], and the two can differ slightly.
  • The CPI was rebased from 2015 to 2020 in February 2023, which revised published rates from 2020 onward [14].
  • Figures for 2025 and 2026 are partly provisional and may be revised.

What was calculated here

  • TWh = TJ ÷ 3,600. €/MWh = €/TJ ÷ 277.78. ct/kWh = €/kWh × 100.
  • Annual volumes and partner totals are sums of Eurostat monthly values. Partner shares divide each partner by the total, and “Other” is the total minus the partners shown. Net imports = imports − exports.
  • No regression, correlation, attribution or forecasting was done. Showing two series side by side does not establish a relationship between them.

Scope

  • Covers January 2015 to the latest month each source had published by 22 September 2026.
  • Figures were taken from the official files and APIs listed below and checked against the published tables. Official statements are paraphrased except where quotation marks are used.

Sources

  1. [1]Eurostat (2026). Supply, transformation and consumption of gas – monthly data [nrg_cb_gasm]. Germany, natural gas, TJ (GCV). Updated 16 Sep 2026.
  2. [2]Eurostat (2026). Imports of natural gas by partner country – monthly data [nrg_ti_gasm]. Updated 16 Sep 2026.
  3. [3]Eurostat (2026). Exports of natural gas by partner country – monthly data [nrg_te_gasm]. Updated 16 Sep 2026.
  4. [4]Eurostat (2026). Supply, transformation and consumption of gas (annual) [nrg_cb_gas]. Updated 27 Aug 2026.
  5. [5]Eurostat (2026). HICP – ECOICOP ver. 2 – indices and rates of change, monthly data [prc_hicp_minr]. Updated 17 Sep 2026.
  6. [6]Eurostat (2026). HICP – annual data (average index and rate of change) [prc_hicp_aind]. 1996–2025. Updated 6 Feb 2026.
  7. [7]Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis) (2026). Jährliche Erdgasimporte (Warennummer 2711 21 00). As of 20 Apr 2026.
  8. [8]Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis) (2026). Monatliche Erdgasimporte (Warennummer 2711 21 00). As of 21 Sep 2026.
  9. [9]Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis) (2026). Statistischer Bericht – Daten zur Energiepreisentwicklung – Juli 2026. Tables 61241-03 (natural gas indices) and 61241-04 (household gas prices).
  10. [10]Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis) (2025). Statistischer Bericht – Verbraucherpreisindex für Deutschland – Lange Reihen ab 1948 – Juni 2025. Table 611xx-02, annual rates, 2020 = 100.
  11. [11]Destatis (2026, January 16). Inflation rate at +2.2% in 2025. Press release No. 019.
  12. [12]Destatis (2025, January 16). Inflation rate at +2.2% in 2024. Press release No. 020.
  13. [13]Destatis (2024, January 16). Inflation rate at +5.9% in 2023. Press release No. 020.
  14. [14]Destatis (2023, January 17). Inflation rate at +7.9% in 2022. Press release No. 022. Results on base year 2015, later revised.
  15. [15]Destatis (2026). Consumer price index – overall index and by 12 divisions. As at 10 Sep 2026.
  16. [16]Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle (BAFA) (2023). Erdgasstatistik (bis 31.12.2022). Including “Entwicklung der Grenzübergangspreise ab 1999” (as of 21 Feb 2023) and the monthly gas market balance 1999–2022.
  17. [17]Bundesnetzagentur (2023, January 5). Bundesnetzagentur publishes gas supply figures for 2022. Press release.
  18. [18]Bundesnetzagentur (2024, January 4). Bundesnetzagentur publishes gas supply figures for 2023. Press release.
  19. [19]Bundesnetzagentur (2025, January 8). Bundesnetzagentur publishes gas supply figures for 2024. Press release.
  20. [20]Bundesnetzagentur (2026, January 12). Bundesnetzagentur publishes gas supply figures for 2025. Press release.
  21. [21]Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz (2024, January 10). FAQ-Liste zur Gas- und Wärmepreisbremse. PDF.
  22. [22]Die Bundesregierung (2022). Value-added tax on gas to be reduced.
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  24. [24]Die Bundesregierung (2026). Abschaffung der Gasspeicherumlage.
  25. [25]Deutsche Emissionshandelsstelle (DEHSt) im Umweltbundesamt (2026). nEHS – Verkauf und Versteigerung.

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